Water in Architecture and Spaces

Water in Architecture and Spaces The paper focuses on how the presence of water – either as a feature or a function – enriches the design of public buildings, and how this relationship is perceived through sensory human experience. Four case studies are used. Case study one is the Roman bath complex at Bath, Avon; case study two is an early Modernist design of a glass pavilion by Bruno Taut; case study three is an example of a Post Modernist piazza in New Orleans designed by Charles. W. Moore; and case study four is the contemporary design of a thermal baths in Vals, Switzerland by Peter Zumthor. In each case there will be an analysis of the architectural design including aspects such as symmetry and balance, colour, texture, materials, form, and scale. Findings will include how water is used in the design space and its effect upon the human senses. The study expects to see a strong relationship between the presence of water and the surrounding design of the building. Furthermore, the study hopes to establish a difference in the relationship between the sensory experience of the two case studies where water is used as an aesthetic feature and has no practical function compared to the two baths where water is used to bathe in. The studies are ordered chronologically to enable clear identification of the evolving architectural differences between the ancient bath building, and the two twentieth century examples. Investigation aims to explore the potential of water as an instrument to aid the architects attempts at creating illusion. Aspects such as colour, and representation of form will be analysed in the two twentieth century examples. The study will culminate with the contemporary innovation and dynamism so supremely represented in the work of Peter Zumthor. In this fourth and most important chapter the work aims to identify how contemporary developments in architectural design – in comparison with the older case studies – expands and enriches the relationship between water and the human senses. Methodology The data for this study was collected through documentary research. Chapter one draws from Barry Cunliffes Roman Bath Discovered as a primary source and archaeological context.The baths went through several stages of development before they were abandoned: this study will use the simple plan of the first stage as an example to avoid any confusion. Because of the age of the case study it is not possible to replicate with certainty the exact nature of the sensory experience of using the baths. Therefore some suppositions had to be hypothetical based on the archaeological and architectural evidence used. Throughout the dissertation I will draw on Veronica Strangs book The Meaning of Water (2003) which provides a useful insight into the nature of the element in discussion. In the study of Bruno Tauts glass pavilion the sensory experience will also have to contain a hypothetical element based on documentary research as the pavilion itself no longer stands. For chapter four, internet sourc es were used in conjunction with journals and books to locate a firsthand account of the sensory experience of Peter Zumthors baths. As a fairly recent design of a relatively unwritten about architect it was difficult to locate a diversity of sources for the baths so the chapter will draw mainly from articles both from internet sources and from publications. IntroductionThe first chapter will look at the Roman Baths in Bath, Avon. It will explore the relationship between the architectural design, the materials used, and the human senses, focusing on the original plan of the baths in their first phase as depicted by Cunliffe (1971). This chapter will introductory to the study as it will bring into discussion aspects such as the relationship between the interior and exterior of the building as perceived through human sensory experience, and the atmospheric effects created by thermal waters which will be explored more thoroughly in the final chapter. It will evaluate aspects of the Roman design such as symmetry, colour, and decoration and how these might have enriched the bathing experience. Chapter two uses the case study of a glass pavilion, imagined by the poet Paul Scheerbart, and designed by Bruno Taut in 1914. The ornamental structure was designed to be exhibited at the Werkbund exhibition and was demolished soon after. The water feature is centrally placed, designed to reflect the changing light through the multicoloured glass panels of the surround. Its vision of a Utopian form of architecture using glass prisms provides a unique contrast to the functionally aesthetic Roman baths. It will be used to develop the idea of architecture testing the boundaries between the perception of interior and exterior and between public and private space. The presence of the water and its interaction with the light from the pavilions coloured glass means that these concepts are explored through sensory experience. Using relevant source material this chapter constructs an independent interpretation of Bruno Tauts design, focusing on its inner circular form and tiered space.In Chap ter Three the case study used will be the Piazza dItalia built by Charles W. Moore between 1974 and 1978 for the Italian community of New Orleans. The Post-Modernist design is characterised by Moores ironic interpretation of historical forms of architecture placed around a fountain in the shape of Italy. The study provides a useful contrast to the previous examples – it raises questions of how symmetry in architectural design affects the sensory perceptions. The focal point of the structure is the water feature which serves as a paradoxical unifier and separator of the experience. Furthermore, this example brings into discussion the concept of a more complex relationship between the human senses and water in architecture which will culminate in the final chapter. Chapter four concerns the thermal baths at Vals, Switzerland, designed by Peter Zumthor in 1996. This last and most important chapter aims to bring together aspects of the three previous examples through analysis of a contemporary design. The focus will be on Zumnors imaginative interpretation of the use of water in a natural environment. Research into his combination of technical innovation and sensitive perception hopes to establish how water can be used in contemporary architectural design to enrich the sensory human experience. Study will also focus on aspects of the design such as the careful attention paid to achieving balance and unity – through features such as the combination of different materials used. Features of the earlier case studies – such as the ambiguity of form in Moores piazza are discussed in light of Zumthors design of the baths interior. Finally, the study will assess how successful Zumthors example is in uniting traditional concepts in a contemp orary space. The Roman Bath Buildings at Avon, Bath. During the first century AD the Temple of Minerva and the baths were built at Bath over a thermal spring. As part of the building process an enclosed reservoir was constructed with the point at which the water poured into the drain being open with a flight of large steps from a platform above, allowing visitors to get close to the source of the water. The opening through which the water was accessed boasted an impressive archway creating the impression of the steaming water flowing through the mouth of a cave from the centre of the earth. (Cunliffe 1971, p.26). The original entrance hall boasted three massive windows through which could be seen the sacred spring and the altar beyond. The Great Bath would originally have been covered by a masonry vaulted ceiling also with large windows in its second tier plate xxiv cunliffe. Roman glass was translucent so the baths would not have been lit as well as an open air pool. This means that there would have been no views from the windows and little sun, resulting in minimal interaction between the experience of being inside the building and the conditions outside. It appears that the lighting of the establishment took second place to the organisation of space within the interior. Aside from the Great Bath the block contained two smaller chambers – the calidarium (hot room), and tepidarium (a warm acclimatising room) (Rook 1992, p.23-4), and another smaller swimming bath now known as the Lucas bath. (Cunliffe 1971, p.45). High vaulted spaces covered the thermal waters of the Great Bath to allow the steam to rise.As Macdonald says of this style of Roman roof, the chief key to the kind of sensory reaction or emotional response evoked by these buildings was the capacity of their concave shapes to induce an impression of expanding or rising hollowness.'(1982, p.176) The perception of space inside the baths would indeed have been altered as the bather left the small heated changing rooms and entered the area of the Great Bath. The warm bubbling water, with the cooler tranquil space above would have created two contrasting, yet complementary, sensory experiences. This design meant that the activity of the water environment could be enjoyed while the eye followed the path of rising vapours, travelling upwards to the still serenity of the domed roof. Allowing the eye to travel, while bodily remaining in the same place would have been an integral part of the relaxation process. The height of the ceiling would have also added to the ambience by causing sounds to echo. White limestone surrounded the bath which would have been smooth to the touch, and excavated evidence suggests that statues and other shrine-like images decorated the interior, with a fountain in the centre. It is possible to imagine how the continually changing state of the waters would have played upon the surrounding surfaces of the decoration, appearing to produce variations in colour and texture. As Veronica Strang says in her publication on water: The mesmeric qualities of water are of particular interest in considering sensory perception and the creation of meaning. Schiffman (1996:101) notes that the eye is automatically drawn to flickering or moving stimuli, and Gell (1992) and Morphy (1991, 1992, 1994) have shown that shimmering or visually exciting patterns can stimulate affective responses in many different cultural contexts. The shimmer and brilliance of water provide visual stimuli that are quite different from those of most objects. The visual interest of inanimate objects is gleaned by the eye actively tracing the form and colour and detail. With water (†¦) the eye is presented with a luminescent image it cannot hold. Instead, it must simply absorb all of the rhythms of movement and the tiny shifts and changes. (2003, p.51). As in contemporary swimming baths it is likely that the Romans would have enjoyed sitting beside the water to watch the play of light and absorb the atmosphere. From the remains found at Bath it appears that the design included viewing areas: the bath itself lay in the centre of an aisled hall 109ft long by 67ft wide, divided into a nave and two side aisles, or ambulatories, by continuous arcades framed with pilasters and entablature like those in the entrance hall. Each ambulatory was provided with three exedrae, a central rectangular recess with semicircular ones on either side, each framed by piers supporting arches in harmony with the main arcades. (Cunliffe 1976, p.45). These recesses, placed within a symmetric plan, would have provided places for people to sit and view the baths, while the continuous arcades would have led the line of vision around the interior, with the effect of there being no beginning or end. This continuity of form in the main area reflects its function as a unifying space in two ways: one, architecturally linking the four different areas of the building, and two, providing a public space befitting of the social function of bathing itself which brought people together. To aid the concept of bathing as a social and a sacred experience certain features were designed to appeal to the human senses. The floors and walls were decorated with mosaic patterns in different colours; contrasts of colour being common in Roman architecture (Macdonald 1982, p.176), and as part of the roof structures there stood tall columns in the decorative Corinthian style. As a sacred place, dedicated to Minerva, the healer, visitors were tempted to throw offerings into the sacred water of the spring in hope of their wishes being granted. The act of parting with money or something dear is a ritual made possible by the spring being situated beneath the main entrance hall. Excavations in 1878 by Mann discovered valuable offerings including pewter ornaments, a gold earring, and a pin with a pearl attached. (Cunliffe 1976, p.28). The presence of the water source provides an enticement to the baths within, and moreover the motion of the spring beneath would have created a rich bubb ling pool easily transforming the solid masonry and concrete walls into an aesthetically pleasing yet functional space. The architecture of the baths building appears to have been entirely devoted to the ritual of bathing itself which occurred inside. As Michael Wheeler says in Roman Art and Architecture (2001):you went to the baths in great numbers to talk to and about your friends and to work off the night-before. But one thing you certainly did not do; you never glanced at the untidy complex of domes and gables outside as you entered. It was the inside of the building that mattered, with its towering wall-spaces that stretched the minds of architect and sculptor and gave a sense of well-being to patron or client. (p.16). The experience of bathing was completed in a series of stages. The bathers first entered the dressing room to change, then after being anointed with oil proceeded to the series of main bathing rooms that varied in temperature (net ref. 1). In the calidarium bathers had their bodies scraped of oil and perspiration, before entering the frigidarium (cold room), where there was a small cold pool. The bather then entered the Great Bath. The Romans had no quantitative measurements for temperature, (Rook 1992, p.13) and despite the use of the walls as heating in conjunction with under floor heating there would have been relatively little control over humidity compared to contemporary bath complexes. Walls would have been damp from capillary moisture seeping up through the porous building materials and from condensation when warmer humid air came into contact with colder surfaces. This meant that the light and heat of the bath might have varied according to how many other people were using i t at the time. Certainly, these baths were designed to look their best when full of people – when the waters were moving and the steam rising and breaking in the space above. The baths were unique in that they provided a highly esteemed environment (baths were often owned by emperors) where personal ritual could be conducted in a public space – which only the presence of the water would allow. The baths were peoples palaces, providing a cultural focus where everyone could enjoy luxury on a regal scale every day. (Rook 1992, p.20). It is not difficult to imagine the many different smells – of different scented oils, steam, and hot bodies. The baths complex was a wealth of money, leisure and sensual experience, and the different materials used in the design reflect this. In the hall of the Great Bath lead lined the pool which met with the limestone beside it. This contrast of material was continued throughout in the broken forms of mosaic pattern interspersed with bronze objects such as a bronze sluice in the north-east corner of the main bath. (Cunliffe 1976, p.45).As expected there appears to be a close relationship between the design of the baths at Avon and the sensory experience of the spring water which was both a functional and an aesthetic feature.These two aspects appear to have been integral to one another and it will be interesting to see how the relationship between architectural design and the human senses alters in the next case study where water within the glass pavilion is present purely for aesthetic reasons. The Glass Pavilion designed by Bruno Taut for the Werkbund Exhibition, 1914. This case study looks at the interplay between water, light, and the senses in the early Modern Expressionist design of Bruno Tauts glass pavilion. The construction was commissioned by poet Peter Scheerbart who dreamed of a soaring glass architecture as a freeing up of architectural design. (Crasemann Collins 1962, p.12). It was a fourteen-sided prism roofed by a dome with blue, green, and gold glass panels which reflected the sky. (Ward 2001, p.65). Inside was a seven-tiered chamber whose walls were made of glass panels lined with glass mosaic, and a circular staircase – an unreal, unearthly flight of stairs that one descends as if through sparkling water (Pehnt 1973, p.76). On the lower level there was a rotunda with a pool and water cascading down layered steps so that the travelling sound of water would have echoed up to the highest tier. Taut claimed that the structure had been designed in the spirit of a Gothic cathedral. As Kenneth Frampton (1994) says, In effect a city crown, that pyramidal form postulated by Taut as the universal paradigm of all religious building, which together with the faith it would inspire was an essential urban element for the restructuring of society. (p.116). This comment is reflected in the use of water as a symbolic unifier in two ways. Firstly as a physical presence that mirrors the refracted light from the glass panels, creating a harmonic balance between floor and ceiling and a sense of unity within the structure, and secondly as something that all living things and people need and understand as an essential part of life – an essential ingredient if you like of Tauts Utopian ideal. When standing at the top of the water cascade it was possible to see upwards through the circular space in the middle to the arching space of the upper tiers beyond. This provided a visual contrast between the fluid downward movement of water and the arching pyramidal form of the roof above. Further visual delights were to be found in the wealth of colours used in the design. The cascade of water travelled over pale yellow glass, terminating in a recess of deep violet in which pictures were projected from a kaleidoscope. (Pehnt 1973, p.76.) The pres ence of the water served to unify peoples experience of the light into one visual component. Because this construction was not designed to be a permanent structure it did not need to meet the heavy physical demands of wear and tear. Thus it is more aesthetically pleasing than the roman bath building, which in many ways was more functional.The aisled hall of the baths had a basic rectangular form surrounded by solid stone masonry which gave the building a sense of permanence. In contrast, the circular form of Tauts skeletal structure would not have stood by itself: the upper hall was domed with different coloured glass panels set into reinforced concrete ribs and relied on the stiffening effect of the panels for stability. The aesthetic function of the arched roof has not changed since the time of the Roman baths at Avon; in both structures the opening out of the roof provides space in which the mind is set free to experience the sensual delights of the interior. Yet what differs in Tauts pavilion is the temporality of the structure. The height creates a paradoxical feeling o f temporary permanence – a brief feeling that one is almost liberated from the confines of earthly structures into the realm of the sky – while the presence of the running water beneath reminds the viewer that they are still on earth. In a 1928 essay on The Aesthetics of Architecture, Bruno Taut spoke of his love for clean smoothness (quoted from Ward 2001, p.56.) This philosophy is echoed in design of the pavilion where the light which is cast down through the glass surrounds hits the lower tier and is immediately washed away and diffused by the running water. As Strang (2003, p.50) says, the most constant quality of water is that it is not constant, but is characterised by transmutability and sensitivity to changes in the environment. Thus it is possible to picture the experience of the pavilion: the senses being continually stimulated by the changeability and echo of the water, the shifting light through the glass and its reflection in the water, even the smell of the humidity – all of which are simultaneously and subtly changing according to the nature of the conditions outside. It is not hard to imagine how a glint of sun might suddenly have transformed the pavilion into a thousand glimmering pieces. F urthermore, the seven tiers allow the spectator to control their sensory experience by moving as close and as far away from the changing light patterns as they desire. Differing levels which induced different experiences was not a feature of the design in the Roman baths but a parallel can be drawn between this aspect of the pavilion and the galleried hallway of the baths where the public could view the spring beneath. In the comparison between the two case studies so far, the ritual of bathing with its associated sensory delights becomes replaced by the ritual of aesthetic and sensory appreciation alone – without the water having any practical function whatsoever. It provides an essential focal point, detracting attention away from what would otherwise be a cold empty space. As Strang (2003) says of the properties of water: Physically, it is the ultimate fluid, filling any containing shape and, equally easily, shrinking and disappearing into the earth or evaporating into the ether. It has an extraordinary ability to metamorphose rapidly into substances with oppositional qualities, that is, the highly visible, concrete solidity of ice, and the fleeting dematerialisation of steam. Each state is endlessly reversible, so that this polymorphic range is always potentially present. (p.49). It is this changeability and potential of water that enables the pavilion to function as a dynamic public, yet personal, building. The tiered levels above allow room for private contemplation in a public space. It is clear that the function of the water differs to that of the Roman baths, however, the aesthetic experience in both fulfils a maxim quoted by Walter Gropius – that art is none other than the transformation of supramundane thoughts into objects of sensory perception. (quoted from Pehnt 1973, p.35). In terms of the baths at Avon and Tauts pavilion, what could have been an ordinary mundane experience – the act of bathing, the observation of an ornamental structure, – is transformed by the design of the building in conjunction with the presence of water and its effect on the senses into something extraordinary. The circular form of the interior creates a bubble where the spectator becomes isolated from the outside world; the changing light and the movement of water creating a sense of timelessness. As Simon Urwin (2003, pp.125-6) says: every body has around it what might be called a circle of presence that contributes to its own identification of place. When a body is in relationship with others, their circles of presence affect each other. When a body is put into an enclosure or cell its circle of presence is also contained and perhaps moulded. If this is true then the sensory experience of the individual in the pavilion would be shaped by the circular presences of the tiers and the water below culminating in a rich and lasting personal experience. In the roman bath building we see a fine contrast to this experience – where the functional aspect of the water would have caused Urwins circles of presence to be broken down so that public and private space become one. Indeed Taut himself stared that he demanded no distinction between public and private buildings. (quoted from Jencks 1985, p.61). As a final point for the case of the pavilion, it is worth considering the very structure itself and the space it contains. Its function – although not practical like the baths – is to provide an intermediary place between the exposure of the outdoors and the confines of the indoors, a space out of time. The use of different coloured glass creates a fascinating interplay between light and water while creating an enclosure without the feeling of being enclosed. This brings up interesting issues relating to the boundaries of interior and exterior which will be looked at in greater detail when comparing these studies to Zumthors work later on. The next case study explores an open air piazza the design of which provides a stark contrast to Tauts pavilion. The chapter aims to identify the evolving complexity of the relationship between architectural design, water and the senses – moving on now to an example built in 1974.

Globalisation and Heritage Conservation

Presents, people are awared of the importance of salvaging and protecting cultural memorials throughout the universe, or architectural heritage in other words. Conserving historic architecture and sites is the lone manner of doing valuable benefits of the built environment which draws attending of designers, landscape designers every bit good as urban contrivers, and other cultivations that depend on the protection of heritage, for illustration of archeologists and creative persons. Therefore, safeguarding of human made heritage and countless actions taken topographic point each twenty-four hours to accomplish the achievement of preservation are the planetary engagement that stand for societal and cultural values in our life clip. It is difficult to conceive of the diference of lives of world’s population if there are no historic sites or edifices exist today. What if the Pompeii, Chichen itza, or Notre Dame no longer standed? Think about Athinais without Parthenon, Istanbul without Hagia Sophia, and Jerusalem had no Wailing Wall. What if Egypt had no Pyramids? What if China had no Forbidden metropolis and Great Wall? Or Vatican metropolis had no St. Peter’s Cathedral? Beside these celebrated historic edifices and topographic points, what if the more natural historic edifices that come across into our day-to-day lives are besides vanished? It is difficult to believe that if everything was new and ordinary by the clip alteration, in consequenses there is nil we knew about the reinforced environment came before us. So what would be different between yesteryear and today? The reply of these inquiries is evidently same ; the civilization that we live in today would non be. Local civilizations that inherited these historic memorials hence would miss of their singularity and a sense of accomplishment. The sense of it’s natural place and part in clip is largely based on historic topographic points, even if they are individual edifices, metropoliss or whole states harmonizing to where they are situated. For illustration of the historic sites and civilizations of Rome, Egypt and China helps each itself to understand the local place in clip and infinite. This thesis focal point on the preservation of siheyuan to guarantee for the hereafter of the historic roundabout hutong back streets and siheyuan houses which symbolise the manner of life of occupants and a existent urban position of Beijing. The staying spots of historic Beijing are extended value together with an urgency of the protection has been widely admitted. However, there are many challenges toward preservation undertakings with respect to the detention of the alone historic urban character while accomplishing necessary metempsychosis of an old metropolis. The content will measure recent signifier and statute law that is placing the old metropolis without give and take the modernness of rushing capital. Globalization and heritage preservation Globalization is fundamentally an economic procedure engaged by political and technological alteration and characterised by increasing international trade and harmonizing universe finicial systems. A societal theory of globalization offers a broader definition, proposing this construct â€Å"refers both to the compaction of the universe and the intensification of consciousness of the universe as a whole. Roland Robertson The internationalization of the universe economic system has meant that developing states are both posiively and negatively affected by the engagement of foreign governemnts, multinational coporations and major international fiscal establishments. These major international fiscal establishments regulate universe trade and promote planetary economic development, include the World Trading Organisaion, the World Bank and many more. Fundss have been channeled into local communities and the life conditions of local populations have been improved, but at the same time the autonomy of local economic systems has been challenged and local sociocultural forms have been changed. Examples in the instance of agricultural industry in China, caused deep impacts after become a rank state of WTO ; the advantage of low monetary value agriculture merchandises may lose competitory power for the rise of the premier costs, hence in some country of the domestic agricutural industry would be suffered by the imports of lower monetary value of foreign merchandises. Skeptics, nevertheless, counter that it is a self helping procedure orchestrated by the parties who benefit disproportionately from it. Pessimistic positions of globalization see it as uncontrolled modernization doing monolithic, dehumanizing alteration along with freak out and break. The more specific of these positions is exemplified by American political scientist and professor Samuel P. Huntington in â€Å"The Clash of Civilisations? † in which he writes that current economic and political procedures are taking the universe caput into planetary struggle along cultural mistake lines. * Globalization and invasion of Western civilization and values have created a menace, both existent and perceived, to communities that feel their artistic and cultural traditions are at hazard, even though these alterations are more frequently embraced voluntarily than as the consequence of forced socialization. * The concern is non merely that traditional ways and imposts, runing from agricultural practise and regional culinary arts to traditional music and manners of frock will alter ; the values, life styles and histories they represent will be lost or obliterated. For illustration of the gap Starbucks Cafe in the Forbidden City, which was famously the most unaccessible topographic point in the universe a century ago. At the same clip the globalization has standardised certain lifestyle elements among many of the universe populations, it has besides led to an increased consciousness of the multiplicity of civilizations world-wide and helped single civilizations to recognize their ain singularity. Result in a better apprehension of the civilization and heritage of others. This is supported by the British political scientist Mary Kaldor advises, † Globalisation conceals a complex, contradictory procedure that really involves both globalization and localization of function, integrating and framentation, homogenization and distinction. * What is Architectural Conservation Aside from the effects of land cultivation, the built environment is the most seeable look of man’s presence on Earth. But gestating this bequest at a discernable graduated table is at one time both simple and hard. Although the grounds of invariably altering cultural heritage for preservation and reading intents is a complicated undertaking. Each artefact, edifice, town, and cultural landscape has a alone narrative, character and significance that reflect the civilization that created it, the clip of its birth, and its subsequent history. Correspondingly, each architectural heritage site has its peculiar preservation challenges. Conservation of cultural belongings has been defined as all actions aimed at safeguarding cultural belongings for the hereafter in Oder to analyze, record, retain, and reconstruct the culturally important qualities of the object, site, or edifice with the least possible intervation.Therefore, architectural preservation constitutes actions and involvements that address the fix, Restoration, maintainance, and show of historic edifices and sites every bit good as their associated accessories, such as trappingss and adjustments. Architectural preservation is widely regarded as the predominant activity within the larger and more diverse field of cultural heritage preservation. This field concerned with the certification and saving of all signifiers of human civilization, including touchable artefacts such as architecture, archeological sites, cultural landscapes, art and trades. In add-on, cultural heritage preservation addresses intangible manifestations of human activity, including manners and imposts, religious practises ; musical, trades, Preservation means keeping the cloth of a topographic point in its bing province and sing impairment. Restoration means returning the bing cloth of a topographic point to a known earlier province by taking accumulations or by reassembling bing constituents without the debut of new stuff. Conservation means all the procedures of looking after a topographic point so as to retain its cultural significance. Heritage as a phenomenon Our reinforced heritage is kept as a wish and became political issues in the ulterior 20th century. This cardinal roots in UK started in the 19th century. And spread over to worldwide in strength after Second World War. It was an important counterweight to the cult of modernism between mid to late 20th century. Culture Heritage In UK, the word â€Å"heritage† largely stands for the facets of semisynthetic constructions, inclusive of edifices and landscape, which have important history. In other states this is frequently named as â€Å"cultural heritage† , and it goes far beyond archeology and historic memorials. From the procedure of detecting history has come the realisation that the yesteryear is merely precedes us but besides surrounds and shapes us. Across the Earth, assorted societal taditions are successful incorporated into modern life and aid to determine national individualities. On the other field, had besides become more broadly inclusive of the earlier old ages drafted charters, such as the Athens Charter ( 1931 ) and the Venice Charter ( 1964 ) , are being augmented by beds of new text that broaden the model of professional pattern, to include non-Western constructs of life heritages. For illustration, the Burra Charter and the China Principles. In East Asia, the religious traditions of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and other general regard for ascendants have long fostered an moral principle of cultural heritage protection, which has extened the life of the sites. Most of the Eastern civilizations have a long history of keeping and perpetuating memory and traditions associated with historic topographic points, it has been threatened throughout the part as the transmutation takes topographic point from traditional signifiers into modernized edifice. China is anticipating in some respects and the new attacks that work in cultural heritage direction have besides started to demo their consequences on planetary heritage preservation.

Childhood Obesity Essay - 1742 Words

Today, about one in three American kids and teens are overweight or obese; nearly triple the rate from 1983. With good reason, childhood obesity is now the Number 1 health concern among parents in the United States, topping drug abuse and smoking. If current trends continue, today’s kids could be the first generation to live shorter lives than their parents (Clinton, para. 3 2011). Children may not understand the complexities of food intake or obesity but they continue to be affected by the issue. The reality is that if a parent enables their kids to make poor eating choices as children; they will struggle as adults to make the right eating choices. Many factors contribute to childhood obesity but the major factors are living†¦show more content†¦The obesity epidemic can change if Americans can change they way they choose to live. First, parents must become educated with the facts about proper food consumption for themselves and their children. Second, children need to partake in afterschool activities and events living an active life. Third and most important, parents should be role models by eating proper nutritional meals and getting plenty of exercise. Fast foods contribution to obesity One of the major factors in the childhood obesity epidemic is the fast food industry. The online dictionary defines fast food as inexpensive food, such as hamburgers and fried chicken, prepared and served quickly. Some examples of fast food restaurants are: McDonald’s, Wendys, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco Bell, Taco Time, Arbys, Burgersville, Taco Dell Mar, Pizza Hut, Little Caesars, and Jack in the Box. Parents frequently allow their children to indulge in the fast foods restaurants even though there foods are high in salt, sugar, and saturated fat. Parents often time feed themselves and their children fast food even though they know it is bad for the bodies and hard to digest because the food does not contain fiber which helps the flush through the body systems. The definition of fast food it self should be a deterrent to eating it. Considering, it is inexpensive food prepared to serve people quickly. However, most people do not avoid fast food that can prevent obesity. Parents neglect toShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Obesity1247 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Review to Prevent the Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity in Our Community. The rates of childhood obesity Worldwide are alarmingly high! Obesity is a global nutritional concern and leads to horrible consequences on our children and becomes a worldwide pandemic. Worldwide estimates of obesity are as high as 43 million, and rates continue to increase each year. 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Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition which considers a child to be obese if their Body Mass Index (BMI) is at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex. (Rendall., Weden, Lau, Brownell, Nazarov Fernandes, 2014). Obesity is on a rise in the Unites States and all over the worldRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity1599 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income families particularly in the United States. The socioeconomic status of these families contributes to the childhood obesity epidemic. Summary of Article 1 The article, â€Å"Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Feeding and Childhood Obesity among Mothers of Lower Socioeconomic Status† is a study that was conducted by Alison KalinowskiRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesFight to End Obesity Childhood obesity has increased drastically over the past years and has become a health risk to children. In fact, childhood obesity has doubled in numbers in the past thirty years (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity occurs when an individual becomes overweight and can be diagnosed by using the body mass index or BMI scale. Obesity causes many diseases in children which cannot be cured without a doctor, in result, childhood obesity drives high health care costs. The existenceRead MoreChildhood Obesity and Its Effect1260 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is considered to be a serious issue among our youth. Obesity can cause many types of physical problems, which most are aware of, but it can also cause some undesirable internal feelings within children and adolescents who suffer from it. Self-esteem, or self-worth, is important as it helps develop personality and is a major ingredient to our mental health status (Wang, F. and Veugelers, P. J., 2008). Some have said obesity may e ven have a negative effect on cognitive developmentRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The Adolescent Essay3626 Words   |  15 PagesChildhood Obesity: The Adolescent The Finale Paper Presented to: GEN499: General Education Capstone Instructor: Robert Bass Ashford University By: Ranita Wallace March 27, 2015 Childhood Obesity: The Adolescent Obesity is a growing health problem. Obesity is when individuals are overweight, it causes health problems and is a threat to their lives. Usually obesity is a result from over eating and lack of exercise. Obesity is the cause of many health problems such as diabetesRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to a 2010 report by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past thirty years. As well as having an impact on health, studies have cited a relationship between obesity and poor school performance as well as a child’s readiness for learning and education. This can be correlated with studies finding â€Å"obese children have a greater risk of social and psychological problems, such as discrimination and poor self-esteem†Read MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity Introduction Childhood Obesity has become more critical public health issue worldwide. However, obesity ratio varies from country to country. In addition, up to a quarter of Australian children are suffering from childhood obesity and obese children are at higher risk to become obese adult. For this reason, child’s weight always matters because it can impact on their health in future. There may be many reasons which affect childhood obesity including sedentary life style, lack ofRead MoreObesity : Childhood Obesity And Obesity955 Words   |  4 Pageswhere the life expectancy of today’s generation is being threatened. Prevention of overweight and obesity is imperative. Parents, especially mothers play a major role in preventing overweight and obesity among the children. Their knowledge of nutrition, food selection and family meal structure has major impact on their children’s food habit. The preschool age is crucial for the children to learn and develop their lifelong hab its. Education starts from home, where parents are the primary source

Research Racial Differences in Household Wealth in The...

The wealth difference that exists between African and Caucasian men is vast and expanding (Charles Hurst, 2002). After accounting for huge dissimilarities in income, family structure and wealth, the gap portion which remain unexplained may be attributed to belief, behavior and value differences between these groups. Despite an enormous and persistent black-white gap, many proclaim that society has transcended the racial divide (Hamilton, 2009). Wealth is a paramount indicator of social well-being. Wealthier individuals are better positioned to afford elite education, access capital to start businesses, reside in higher-amenity neighborhoods, exert political influence through campaign contributions, and withstand financial hardship†¦show more content†¦Wealth tends to be highest among married couples (Smith 1995a). Married couples tend to save more than other household types (Lupton and Smith 1999). Savings among married couples tend to be higher as the duration of the m arriage increases (Lupton and Smith 1999). Both blacks and whites views marriage as a potential positive in acquiring wealth; however, neither groups view married as essential for financial success. A higher number of black participants were married compared to white in the study. Those with dual earners, maximum one child, strongly viewed marriage as positive in acquiring wealth. How do external factors such as social security and military pension change groups’ view of wealth? None of the active duty members were eligible for social security benefits. However, all were aware of the twenty year pension plan offered by the United States military. The influence of a military pension and service members’ wealth perception varied based on their rank and family size. Both blacks and whites with more than two or more dependents viewed wealth as the ability to purchase household essentials. The idea of a military pension was viewed as largely positive among black and white single service members. How do family socio-economics construct groups’ view of wealth? TheShow MoreRelatedThe Feminization Of Poverty Trend And Black And White Inequality Trend Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain the U.S wealth distribution, I would use the same regression model lows uses. Instead of just looking at blacks versus whites, I will look at female headed households versus male headed household too. Similar to Low’s paper, I will use the Binder-Oaxaca decomposition to document the difference in wealth earnings if male headed households receives the female variables and vice versa. I hope to find that some of the wealth distribution can be explained by the variable differences between the maleRead MoreRacial Segregation Within The United States780 Words   |  4 Pagessuch a question. Massey and Denton explore racial residential segregation in the United States throughout the 20th century. They argue that the making and concentration of the (African American) underclass in inner cities resulted from institutional and interpersonal racism in the ho using market that perpetuates already existing racial segregation. Similarly, Reardon and colleagues conclude that residential segregation by income level occurs all across racial groups, but it is especially problematicRead MoreAffirmative Action Is Not Necessary1511 Words   |  7 Pagesproposed the Philadelphia Plan that imposed racial hiring quotas on the city’s construction industry, affirmative action then became an issue of race causing the cases of reverse racism to rise ( Kahlenberg 2 ). Though as a country most of the citizens would like to believe that affirmative action is not needed because of great advancements made considering the election of the first black president. Affirmative action is still needed in the United States in order to overcome the education and employmentRead MoreRacial Inequality And Racial Discrimination1721 Words   |  7 Pages Racial inequality is still a prevalent issue in today’s society. After demolishing most of the oppressive racist policies from the past, individuals believe that our society has moved beyond the racial discrimination era. However, the workplace is still strongly segregated based on race and gender. A great deal of this discrimination can be stemmed back to the racist beliefs from the 1970’s. These degrading attitudes have strongly influenced the workplace through job interviews, promotion patternsRead MoreThe Myth Of Individual Opportunity1306 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Land of Opportunity.† For centuries, people have flocked to America in hopes of a better life and greater opportunity. However, if they are searching for equal opportunity, America is not the country that they will find it in. Success in the United States is limited to the opportunities available to the individual, and without equal distribution of opportunity, financial success is not reachable to those in the lower classes of American society. Notable educators and authors such as Gregory MantsiosRead MoreThe Inequality Of Income Inequality Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the United States, a multitude of Americans live in poverty, actually, according to the Census Bureau in 2010, â€Å"there were 42 million poor people in the United States,† and a large portion of those who reside in the middle class are approaching the poverty line, thus, augmenting the amount of people who live in the lower class. As a result of this occurrence, income inequality has become a paramount topic in recent times, especially in the 2016 election. In addition of politicians and otherRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech By Martin Luther King1662 Words   |  7 PagesAmendments were created, respectively. Both highlighted a momentous moment in the advancement of racial equality. Equality was established for the newly emancipated slaves. Over the last 150 years, America has been slowl y advancing toward racial equality. With the election of Barack Obama in 2008, another historic change had come about. The first black male was elected president. Despite these advancements in racial equality, many Americans still remain staunch racists and maintain the mindset of superiorityRead MoreThe Effects Of Socioeconomic Status On Multicultural Social Work Practice Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesDaily living in the United States has caused many to fall in the clutches of health issues, anxiety, and depression. Americans have become over whelmed with the worries and struggles of, social conditions, the racial crisis, and financial difficulties. Unfortunately, there are so many that are not recognizing these mental obstacles and are carrying on, baring the weight as if these feelings are normal. This qualifies as Socioeconomic Status (SES). Socioeconomic Status encompasses all of those factorsRead More Racism Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesclass system in the United States r ewards individual talent and effort. But, our class system also retains elements of a caste system; Ascribed status greatly influences what we become later in life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nothing affects social standings in the United States as much as our birth into a particular family, something, which we have no control over. Being born to privilege or poverty sets the stage for our future schooling, occupation and income. Research suggests that at leastRead MoreA Brief Note On Race And Class Inequality1936 Words   |  8 Pagesor how powerful you feel you are, we are all equal. We came here by birth and will leave in death† (Unknown). Within the United States, social class/status is a very evident aspect of our culture. Social class is the status of certain people that we, as a society, are identified, and then divided and placed into different â€Å"classes,† such as high, middle, and low class. Research has defined social status as, â€Å"A broad group in society having a common economic, cultural, or political status†(Dictionary)